Pakistan
Islamic Republic of Pakistan
- Region
- Asia · Southern Asia
- Capital
- Islamabad
- Population
- 255,219,554 (2025)
- Government
- federal parliamentary republic
- Currency
- Pakistani rupee (PKR)
- Official languages
- English, Urdu
- Spoken languages
- Punjabi 38.8%, Pashto (alternate name, Pashtu) 18.2%, Sindhi 14.6%, Saraiki (a Punjabi variant) 12.2%, Urdu 7.1%, Balochi 3%, Hindko 2.4%, Brahui 1.2%, other 2.4%
- Written scripts
- Latin, Perso-Arabic
- Area
- 881,912 km²
- Coastline
- Coastal
- UN member
- Yes
- Affiliations
- ASEAN (sectoral dialogue partner), IMF, OIC, SCO, WCO, WTO
- Borders
- Afghanistan , China , India , Iran
Political stability
31 / 100
Economic stability
46 / 100
Population stability
40 / 100
0–100, higher is more stable. Political: World Bank governance score. Economic: government effectiveness, regulatory quality, and inflation proximity to 2% (World Bank). Population: stability of growth and net migration rates (World Bank).
Trade profile
- Key exports
- garments, fabric, refined petroleum, rice, cotton fabric (2023)
- Key imports
- natural gas, refined petroleum, crude petroleum, palm oil, plastics (2023)
- Natural resources
- arable land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited petroleum, poor quality coal, iron ore, copper, salt, limestone
- Primary route
- Karachi/Port Qasim to the Gulf and Europe via Suez
- Secondary route
- Overland corridors to China (Karakoram) and Central Asia
The xin.bz view
- Pakistan enters the cycle with a stronger water position than the monsoon narrative suggests — Tarbela at full conservation level, Mangla around three-quarters full — and July rice exports near 346,000 t, up about 18% year over year, make it an important near-term replacement supplier.
- The forward risk shifts to 2027: reservoir drawdown into winter puts Indus water availability, layered with the active water dispute with India, back at the center of export capacity.
xin.bz coverage
El Niño's Caribbean Chain Reaction: How Water Stress Could Become a Food, Freight and Stability Shock
El Niño connects Caribbean water stress, falling U.S. rice stocks, a weak Indian monsoon, and Panama Canal limits into one food, freight, and stability risk through mid-2027.
El Niño Hits China Differently: Beijing Can Move the Shock
China enters El Niño with grain reserves, oil inventories, huge ports, Belt and Road routes, and rare-earth leverage — its purchasing and inventory decisions decide where global disruption lands next.
El Niño Is Tightening the World's Food Valves
India's 90.7M t grain buffer, early Philippine rice buying, Indonesia's B50 palm-oil pull, and Nepal's flood — governments now decide how much food this region releases to the world.
El Niño Is Increasing the World's Need for Eurasia — Geopolitics Will Decide What Gets Through
Russia's ~60M t exportable grain, Kazakh wheat and uranium, Belarusian potash, Turkmen gas, and the Middle Corridor — El Niño raises the world's need for Eurasia while geopolitics decides what gets through.
Trade research
- WTO trade profile — tariffs, trade in goods and services, top partners
- World Bank country data — GDP, trade share of GDP, logistics indicators
- OEC trade profile — export/import composition and partners, visualized
- ITC Trade Map — detailed trade statistics by product (ITC/UN Comtrade)
- CIA World Factbook — geography, economy, transportation infrastructure
xin.bz can watch Pakistan for you — email alerts when new disruptions hit. Start free
Sources: mledoze/countries (ODbL), CIA World Factbook (public domain), World Bank Open Data (CC BY-4.0), flag-icons (MIT). Stability scores are xin.bz composites of the cited World Bank indicators; routes and commodity notes are xin.bz assessments. Informational only — verify with official sources.